Jump to content

Ashok Leyland

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ashok Leyland Limited
Company typePublic
ISININE208A01029
IndustryAutomotive
Founded7 September 1948; 76 years ago (1948-09-07)
HeadquartersChennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Area served
Worldwide
Products
ServicesVehicle financing
RevenueIncrease ₹45,931 crore (US$5.5 billion) (2024)[1]
Increase ₹4,106 crore (US$490 million) (2024)[1]
Increase ₹2,696 crore (US$320 million) (2024)[1]
Total assetsIncrease ₹67,660 crore (US$8.1 billion) (2024)[1]
Total equityIncrease ₹11,814 crore (US$1.4 billion) (2024)[1]
Number of employees
11,463 (2020)[1]
ParentHinduja Group (51.54%)
Subsidiaries
  • Albonair GmbH
  • Global TVS Bus Body Builders Limited
  • Hinduja Leyland Finance
  • Hinduja Tech
  • Lanka Ashok Leyland[2]
    Switch Mobility
Websitewww.ashokleyland.com

Ashok Leyland Limited is an Indian multinational automotive manufacturer, with its headquarters in Chennai. It is now owned by the Hinduja Group. [3] It was founded in 1948 as Ashok Motors, which became Ashok Leyland in the year 1955 after collaboration with British Leyland.[4] Ashok Leyland is the second largest manufacturer of commercial vehicles in India (with a market share of 32.1% in 2016), the third largest manufacturer of buses in the world,[5] and the tenth largest manufacturer of trucks.

With the corporate office located in Chennai, its manufacturing facilities are in Ennore, Bhandara, two in Hosur, Alwar and Pantnagar.[6][7] Ashok Leyland also has overseas manufacturing units with a bus manufacturing facility in Ras Al Khaimah (UAE), one at Leeds, United Kingdom and a joint venture with the Alteams Group for the manufacture of high-press die-casting extruded Aluminium components for the automotive and telecommunication sectors.[8] Operating nine plants, Ashok Leyland also makes spare parts and engines for industrial and marine applications.

Ashok Leyland has a product range from 1T GVW (Overall Vehicle Weight) to 55T GTW (Overall Trailer Weight) in trucks, 9 to 80-seater buses, vehicles for defence and special applications, and diesel engines for industrial, genset and marine applications.[9] In 2019, Ashok Leyland claimed to be in the top 10 global commercial vehicle makers.[10] It sold approximately 140,000 vehicles (M&HCV and LCV) in 2016. The company has passenger transportation options ranging from 10 seaters to 74 seaters (M&HCV = LCV). In the trucks segment, Ashok Leyland primarily concentrates on the 16 to 25-tonne range and has a presence in the 7.5 to 49 tonne range.

History

[edit]
A 2018 stamp sheet of India dedicated to the 70th anniversary of Ashok Leyland

Ashok Motors

[edit]

Ashok Motors was founded in 1948 by Raghunandan Saran, an Indian independence campaigner from Punjab.[11] By the end of the Indian Independence Movement, he was persuaded by India's first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru to invest in a modern industrial venture. Ashok Motors was incorporated in 1948 as a company to assemble and manufacture Austin cars from England, and the company was named after the founder's only son, Ashok Saran. The company had its headquarters in Chennai, with the manufacturing plant also in Chennai. The company was engaged in the assembly and distribution of Austin A40 passenger cars in India.[citation needed]

In year 1954 Indian government gave approvals to Ashok Motors to manufacturer Leyland Comet trucks the generation range of cabover trucks from Leyland and they also received approvals to manufacture Tiger Cub lightweight bus also by Leyland. These were the first ever models of British Leyland manufactured in india.[12]

The collaboration ended in 1975 but the holding of British Leyland, which was then a major British vehicle conglomerate due to several mergers, agreed to assist in technology, which continued until the 1980s. After 1975, changes in management structures saw the company launch various vehicles in the Indian market, with many of these models continuing to this day with various upgrades.

Under Iveco and Hinduja partnership

[edit]

In 1987, the overseas holding by Land Rover Leyland International Holdings Limited (LRLIH) was taken over by a joint venture between the Hinduja Group, the Non-Resident Indian transnational group and Iveco, part of the Fiat Group.[13]

Hinduja Group

[edit]

In 2007, the Hinduja Group bought out Iveco's indirect stake in Ashok Leyland.[14] The promoter shareholding now stands at 51%. Today the company is the flagship of the Hinduja Group, a British-based and Indian originated trans-national conglomerate.

Ashok Leyland launched India's first electric bus and Euro 6 compliant truck in 2016.[15]

In June 2020, Ashok Leyland launched its new range of modular trucks, AVTR.[16][17][18]

In September 2020, Ashok Leyland launched the Bada Dost based on its indigenously developed LCV platform called Phoenix.[19][20][21][22]

In 2024, Ashok Leyland entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Tamil Nadu government for a Rs 1,200 crore investment.[23][24]

On 22 July 2024, Ashok Leyland unveiled its first ever 15-meter, multi-axle bus chassis, the Ashok Leyland Garud, at the M&HCV Expo held at BIEC, Bengaluru.[25]

Ashok Leyland will operate a plant for the manufacture of electric commercial vehicles in Uttar Pradesh. The plant will produce 2,500 vehicles a year, initially, and will gradually increase to 5,000 per year in the next decade. This facility will mainly produce electric buses. The plant will be launched in 2025.[26]

Partnerships

[edit]

Rosoboronexport & ELCOM

[edit]

Ashok Leyland Defence Systems (ALDS), Russia's Rosoboronexport and ELCOM Group have signed a cooperation agreement in defence business to provide tracked vehicles to Indian Armed Forces. The agreement was signed on the side lines of the International Military Technical Forum Army – 2017 held at Kubinka, near Moscow, on 25 August 2017.[27][28]

IIT Madras

[edit]

Ashok Leyland and Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras) signed a memorandum of understanding, on 19 August 2017, for Ashok Leyland to sponsor the Centre of Battery Engineering (CoBE) at IIT Madras. As part of the agreement, Ashok Leyland partnered with IIT Madras to carry out research and development (R&D) activities for strengthening battery engineering and related sub-parts, especially for electric vehicles.[29][30]

Sun Mobility

[edit]

On 18 July 2017 Ashok Leyland announced the formation of an alliance with SUN Mobility, The global partnership aims to develop electric vehicles.[31]

CVRDE partnership

[edit]

As reported in December 2021, Ashok Leyland has partnered with Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment (CVRDE) under the DRDO to design, develop and produce a 600-hp indigenous engine for the DRDO WhAP. As per the reports the prototype engine has been manufactured and will undergo rigorous testing in the lab and will be qualified for application in armoured fighting vehicles (AFV). Serial production would beign post-induction of the design. The testing was inaugurated in the Engine Development Centre, Ashok Leyland, Vellivoyalchavadi, near Chennai.[32]

Iveco partnership

[edit]

In the late 1980s Iveco investment and partnership resulted in Ashok Leyland launching the 'Cargo' range of trucks based on European Ford Cargo trucks. The Cargo entered production in 1994, at Ashok Leyland's new plant in Hosur.[33] These vehicles used Iveco engines and for the first time had factory-fitted cabs. Though the Cargo trucks are no longer in production and the use of Iveco engine was discontinued, the cab continues to be used on the Ecomet range of trucks as well as for several of Ashok Leyland's military vehicles.

The Cargo was originally introduced in 7 and 9 long tons (7,100 and 9,100 kg) versions; later, heavier-duty models from 15 to 26 long tons (15,200 to 26,400 kg) were progressively introduced.[34]

ETG Group

[edit]

On 26 May 2022, Ashok Leyland has announced partnership with ETG Group to strengthen its partnership in Africa. As part of the tie-up, ETG Logistics (ETGL) will operate dealerships for Ashok Leyland in six key southern African countries.[35]

South Indian Bank

[edit]

Ashok Leyland and South Indian Bank signed a memorandum of understanding, on 18 April 2024, for providing competitive finance options to the dealers of the truck and bus maker. As part of the agreement, South Indian Bank will offer appropriate inventory financing solutions to Ashok Leyland's network of dealers. [36]

Products

[edit]
  • Current generation Ashok Leyland eComet
    Current generation Ashok Leyland eComet
  • Ashok Leyland Titan Double Decker bus of BEST, Mumbai
    Ashok Leyland Titan Double Decker bus of BEST, Mumbai
  • Ashok Leyland City Transit Bus in Navi Mumbai
    Ashok Leyland City Transit Bus in Navi Mumbai
  • Ashok Leyland Inter-City Deluxe Bus operated by APSRTC
    Ashok Leyland Inter-City Deluxe Bus operated by APSRTC
  • Ashok Leyland Tusker Twin Axle Lorry with custom built cabin, a regular sight on Indian highways
    Ashok Leyland Tusker Twin Axle Lorry with custom built cabin, a regular sight on Indian highways
  • A 1980s-built short haul Ashok Leyland lorry in Tamil Nadu, still in operation
    A 1980s-built short haul Ashok Leyland lorry in Tamil Nadu, still in operation
  • A Telangana State Road Transport Corporation TSRTC city bus in Hyderabad
    A Telangana State Road Transport Corporation TSRTC city bus in Hyderabad
  • Ashok Leyland Comet tipper lorry
    Ashok Leyland Comet tipper lorry
  • Ashok Leyland Eagle 814 in Arica, Chile
    Ashok Leyland Eagle 814 in Arica, Chile

Trucks

[edit]

Current range

  • General
  • 1916 4x2
  • 1920 4x2
  • Boss

Boss is an intermediate commercial vehicle launched by Ashok Leyland. It is available in the range of 11T to 18.5T. The presently available models are:

  • 1115
  • 1215
  • 1315
  • 1415
  • 1920
  • Ecomet
  • 1015
  • 1115
  • 1215
  • 1415
  • 1615
  • AVTR Modular Platform
  • 1920
  • 2620 (Life Axle Technology)[37]
  • 2620 6x2 (Single-Tire Lift Axle)
  • 2820 6x2
  • 2820 6x4
  • 2825
  • 3120 6x2 (Double-Tire Lift Axle)
  • 3520 8x2 (Single-Tire Lift Axle/Twin Steer)
  • 3525 8x4
  • 4020
  • 4120 8x2 (Double-Tire Lift Axle)
  • 4125 8x2 (Double-Tire Lift Axle)
  • 4220 10x2
  • 4225 10x2
  • 4620
  • 4825 10x2 (Double-Tire Lift Axle)
  • 4825 10x4 (Double-Tire Lift Axle)
  • 5225
  • 5425
  • 5525 4x2
  • 5525 6x4

Former range

  • Beaver
  • Rhino
  • U-Truck
  • Captain

Light Vehicles

[edit]

Current range

  • Dost
  • Bada Dost

The Dost is a 1.25 ton light commercial vehicle (LCV) that is the first product to be launched by the Indian-Japanese commercial vehicle joint venture Ashok Leyland Nissan Vehicles. Dost is powered by a 58 hp high-torque, 3-cylinder, turbo-charged common rail diesel engine and has a payload capacity of 1.25 tonnes. It is available in both BS3 and BS4 versions. The bodywork and some of the underpinnings relate to Nissan's C22 Vanette of the 1980s; this is most visible in the door design. The LCV is produced in Ashok Leyland's Hosur plant in Tamil Nadu. The LCV is available in three versions. With the launch of Dost Ashok Leyland has now entered the Light Commercial Vehicle segment in India[38][39][40][41]

  • STiLE
Ashok Leyland STiLE light commercial vehicle

STiLE is a multi-purpose vehicle which was manufactured by Ashok Leyland. The vehicle was unveiled during the 2012 Auto Expo and was launched in July 2013. STiLE was marketed as a "multi-purpose vehicle" for use as a hotel shuttle, taxi, ambulance, and panel van, and in courier service. In May 2015, Ashok Leyland stopped production due to low demand.[42][43][44][45]

Diesel Generators Ashok Leyland offers Diesel Generators manufactured with Ashok Leyland engines and Leypower alternators. Currently they manufacture 5 to 2250 kVA Silent DG Sets.[46]

Subsidiary ventures

[edit]

Construction equipment

[edit]

In June 2009 the company expanded into construction equipment segment, with a 50:50 joint venture with John Deere. It was floated as a separate entity under the name of Leyland – Deere Limited.[47]

Ashok Leyland Defence Systems

[edit]
Vehicle Factory Jabalpur (VFJ)'s Stallion 4X4 Truck for the Indian Army
An Indian road-mobile launcher with a ballistic missile
Ashok Leyland's Stallion Kavach 4X4 Mine Protection Armoured Vehicle

Ashok Leyland Defence Systems (ALDS) is a newly floated company by the Hinduja Group. Ashok Leyland holds 26 percent in Ashok Leyland Defence Systems (ALDS). The company designs and develops defence logistics and tactical vehicles, defence communication and other systems.[48] Ashok Leyland is the largest supplier of logistics vehicles to the Indian Army. It has supplied over 60,000 of its Stallion vehicles, all manufactured at the Vehicle Factory Jabalpur (VFJ).[49]

International operations and exports

[edit]
A new Ashok Leyland 3518iL chassis unit for custom built cab and load body

Exports of commercial vehicles contribute to a seven percent share of Ashok Leyland's total revenues.[50]

The company has a presence in SAARC countries like Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal, and in the Middle East countries where it exports 3600–4000 units a year.[51] The company has an assembly unit, mainly for buses, in Ras Al Khaimah in UAE to cater to the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member states.[52] This unit currently assembles 4000 units, which the company plans to increase to 6000 units.[50]

Ashok Leyland exports medium and heavy commercial vehicles to Arab countries like Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Yemen; former Soviet Union countries like Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine; Sub-Saharan Africa; Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Nepal; the Philippines; Thailand and Malaysia.[52] Every year Ashok Leyland exports about 12000 trucks to Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.[53]

On 11 June 2012, Ashok Leyland supplied 100 Falcon buses to Ghana for $7.6 million (about ₹420 million).[54] Ashok Leyland was awarded the first overseas order worth $6 million for its vestibule buses from Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation (BRTC).[55]

Lanka Ashok Leyland

[edit]
A Lanka Ashok Leyland bus in Sri Lanka in 2013

Lanka Ashok Leyland (LAL) in Sri Lanka was formed in 1982 and started its operations in 1983 as a joint venture between Lanka Leyland Ltd (a wholly owned company of the Government of Sri Lanka) and Ashok Leyland Ltd India. LAL imports commercial vehicles in both knock down kits and fully built, and carries out assembly operations, repair and service, and body building on chassis.[56]

Optare

[edit]
An Optare Versa parked outside Optare's Sherburn-in-Elmet factory

In 2010 Ashok Leyland acquired a 26% stake in the British bus manufacturer Optare,[57][58] a company that was originally based on the premises of a former British Leyland subsidiary Charles H Roe before moving to the new purpose-built factory in 2011 in Sherburn-in-Elmet.[59] In 2017, Ashok Leyland acquired a further 72.31% stake in Optare increasing its overall stake to 98.31%.[60]

Technology

[edit]

Hythane engines

[edit]

Ashok Leyland has also developed hythane engines in association with the Australian company Eden Energy. Ashok Leyland developed a 6-cylinder, 6-litre (370 cu in) 92 kW (123 hp) BS-4 engine which uses hythane (H-CNG,) which is a blend of natural gas and around 20% of hydrogen. A 4-cylinder 4-litre (240 cu in) 63 kW (84 hp) engine is also being developed for H-CNG blend in a joint R&D program with MNRE (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy) and Indian Oil Corporation.[61]

Hybrid technology

[edit]

Non-plugin Hybrid Bus

[edit]

At the Delhi Auto Expo 2016, Ashok Leyland introduced an advanced non-plugin version of HYBUS. HYBUS is powered by an H-Series 6-cylinder diesel (BS IV compliant) engine that is not used to drive the vehicle ahead, but to charge the ultra-capacitors that powers the 150 kW electric motor. Automatic start-stop is used to decrease the overall engine idling time. The bus can restart using the stored energy when the engine is off. The fuel-efficiency of the engine thus increases and NVH (Noise-vibration-harshness) levels decrease.[62]

Electric Technology

[edit]

In 2016 the company launched the country's first indigenously produced fully electric bus, called Circuit. The bus is a zero-emission vehicle that can run 120 km on a single charge, and has an alert system that can signal if the bus is low on power.[63] The bus will be introduced under the National Electric Mobility Plan with an aim of 20% penetration of electric or hybrid vehicles by 2020.[64]

Euro VI Truck

[edit]

AT the Delhi Auto Expo 2016, the company showcased its first indigenously produced Euro VI truck 4940. The truck is powered by the company's flagship range of engine, Neptune, which is an 8l engine that produces 400 hp and 1600Nm of torque. The truck is designed to meet Euro VI norms.[65]

iEGR

[edit]

In 2017, the company showcased iEGR (intelligent exhaust gas recirculation) technology for its trucks and buses to meet BS-IV emission standards. The technology also promises other advantages like better fuel efficiency than BS-III trucks, and power transmission up to 400 HP.[66]

iBUS

[edit]

Ashok Leyland announced iBUS in the beginning of 2008, as part of the future for the country's increasingly traffic-clogged major cities. Its Rs 6-million iBus is a feature-filled, low-floor concept bus for the metros revealed during the Auto Expo 2008 in India. This low-floored iBus will have the first of its kind features, including anti-lock braking system, electronic engine management and passenger infotainment. The executive class has an airline-like ambiance with wide LCD screens, reading lights, audio speakers and, for the first time, Internet on the move. A GPS system enables vehicle tracking and display of dynamic route information on LCD screens, which can also support infotainment packages including live data and news. The bus will probably be equipped with an engine from the new Neptune family, which Ashok Leyland also introduced at this exhibition, which is ready for the BS4/Euro 4 emission regulations and can be upgraded to Euro 5.[67] Leyland's iBus has hybrid technology.

Awards and recognition

[edit]
  • In 2019, the company was awarded the AON Best Employers for India award.[68]
  • In 2019, Ashok Leyland was ranked as 34th best brand in India by Interbrand.[69][70]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f "Ashok Leyland Ltd. Financial Statements" (PDF). bseindia.com.
  2. ^ "Lanka Ashok Leyland". Lanka Ashok Leyland.
  3. ^ "Who are the Hinduja brothers". The Mirror. 7 May 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
  4. ^ "Ashok Leyland > Company History > Auto - LCVs & HCVs > Company History of Ashok Leyland - BSE: 500477, NSE: Ashokley". www.moneycontrol.com. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
  5. ^ "How Ashok Leyland became world's third largest bus manufacturer". The Financial Express. 4 February 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  6. ^ "Ashok Leyland Ltd India, Map of Ashok Leyland Motor Plants". business.mapsofindia.com. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  7. ^ "Ashok Leyland Pantnagar | Perkins". perkins.com. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  8. ^ "Ashok Leyland Ltd". Business Standard India. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  9. ^ "About Us". Ashok Leyland. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  10. ^ "Ashok Leyland eyes top 10 CV slot with organisational rejig". The Economic Times. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  11. ^ "Ashok Leyland-A pioneer's Diamond Jubilee". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 1 September 2008. Archived from the original on 22 September 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  12. ^ "LEYLANDS TO BE BUILT IN INDIA | 7th May 1954 | The Commercial Motor Archive". archive.commercialmotor.com. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  13. ^ Rover to quit Ashtok Commercial Motor 20 August 1987 page 16
  14. ^ "Hindujas buy out Iveco's 15% stake in Leyland". The Times of India. 25 July 2006. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
  15. ^ "Auto Expo 2016: Ashok Leyland unveils India's first Euro VI compliant truck". ETAuto.com. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  16. ^ "Ashok Leyland launches AVTR range of BS-VI compliant modular trucks". ETAuto.com. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  17. ^ "Ashok Leyland delivers its modular AVTR trucks". ETAuto.com. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  18. ^ "Ashok Leyland launches AVTR, its new range of modular trucks, in India". auto.hindustantimes.com. 4 June 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  19. ^ "Ashok Leyland 'BADA DOST'". The Hindu. 14 September 2020. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  20. ^ "Ashok Leyland launches new LCV product Bada Dost at starting price of Rs 7.75 lakh". ETAuto.com. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  21. ^ "Ashok Leyland launches Bada Dost; new LCV packs BS-VI engine". Zee Business. 16 September 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  22. ^ "Ashok Leyland lines up new products, aims to de-risk biz from future downturns". ETAuto.com. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  23. ^ Standard, Business (8 January 2024). "Ashok Leyland signs MoU with Tamil Nadu govt to invest Rs 1,200 cr". business-standard.com. Retrieved 9 January 2024. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  24. ^ "Ashok Leyland to invest Rs 1,200 crore in three to five years; signs MoU with TN govt". Moneycontrol. 8 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  25. ^ Pegu, Violina (23 July 2024). "Ashok Leyland 15-Meter Bus Chassis: Garud Multi-Axle Specs | Price". Coach Builders India.
  26. ^ Saxena, Ragini (7 March 2024). "Tata & Ashok Leyland get busy on a bumpy road to India's green transport push". The Economic Times. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  27. ^ "Ashok Leyland arm, ELCOM ink defence pact with Russian firm". 6 September 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  28. ^ "Hino Motors and Ashok Leyland have entered into a Mutual Cooperation Agreement – NEWS RELEASE LIST – HINO GLOBAL". hino-global.com. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  29. ^ http://www.ashokleyland.com/node/2057 [permanent dead link‍]
  30. ^ Narasimhan, T. E. (22 August 2017). "Ashok Leyland and IIT Madras to research battery tech for electric vehicles". Business Standard India. Retrieved 31 July 2018 – via Business Standard.
  31. ^ http://www.ashokleyland.com/node/2058 [permanent dead link‍]
  32. ^ www.ETAuto.com. "Ashok Leyland partners with CVRDE to develop 600hp engine - ET Auto". ETAuto.com. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
  33. ^ "History: We cut our teeth on cars". Ashok Leyland. Archived from the original on 14 October 2001.
  34. ^ "Products: Cargo". Ashok Leyland. Archived from the original on 20 November 2001.
  35. ^ "Ashok Leyland partners with ETG Group to strengthen presence in Africa". The Economic Times. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  36. ^ "Ashok Leyland, South Indian Bank sign MoU to provide financing to dealers". Business Standard India. Press Trust of India. 18 April 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  37. ^ "Ashok Leyland unveils eight-wheel truck AVTR 2620". The Economic Times. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  38. ^ "Ashok Leyland enters LCV segment with Dost". The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  39. ^ "Ashok Leyland DOST' rolled out". Financialexpress.com. 29 March 2011. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  40. ^ Ashok Leyland Dost unveiled Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  41. ^ "Ashok Leyland-Nissan JV unveil first LCV model- Dost, targets below 3 tonne market". Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com. 29 March 2011. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  42. ^ "Ashok Leyland introduces STiLE". Business Standard. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  43. ^ "Ashok Leyland discontinues STiLE". NDTV. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  44. ^ "STiLE features". Ashok Leyland website. Archived from the original on 27 March 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  45. ^ "STiLE variants". Ashok Leyland website. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  46. ^ "Ashok Leyland Diesel Generator".
  47. ^ "Leyland, John Deere complete JV formalities". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 15 July 2009. Archived from the original on 19 July 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  48. ^ http://www.financialexpress.com/news/ashok-leyland-defence-arm-ties-up-with-kraussmaffei/753566/1 [1], Ashok Leyland Defence Systems
  49. ^ Ashok Leyland largest supplier of logistics vehicles to Indian Army. Over 60,000 Stallions."Ashok Leyland Defence and KMW to develop advanced defence systems". Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  50. ^ a b Anand, N. (23 July 2016). "Ashok Leyland to focus on exports". The Hindu. Retrieved 31 July 2018 – via www.thehindu.com.
  51. ^ "Ashok Leyland Explores Export Markets With New Products – Auto Parts Asia". 26 September 2016. Archived from the original on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  52. ^ a b "- mydigitalfc". mydigitalfc.com. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  53. ^ Barry, Cross (28 November 2017). "First shipments of trucks by sea from India to Bangladesh". Automotive Logistics. p. 1.
  54. ^ "Ashok Leyland supplies 100 buses to Ghana for $7.6 million". 11 June 2012.
  55. ^ "Ashok Leyland bags first overseas order for vestibule buses". The Times Of India. 6 June 2012.
  56. ^ Welcome to Lanka Ashok Leyland. Lal.lk. Retrieved on 16 July 2013.
  57. ^ http://www.ashokleyland.com/press-releases-list/2010 [permanent dead link‍]
  58. ^ Ashtok Leyland takes 26% stake in Optare Automotive World 30 July 2010
  59. ^ Optare's efficient new UK bus production plant Archived 2 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine Transport News Brief 16 December 2013
  60. ^ "Ashok Leyland increases stake in Optare". December 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  61. ^ india, motor (2 April 2009). "Ashok Leyland develops hythane engines". Motorindia. p. 1.
  62. ^ "Ashok Leyland HYBUS Hybrid Bus – 2016 Auto Expo – WagenClub". 6 February 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  63. ^ "Circuit from Ashok Leyland – Commercial Vehicle Magazine in India – Upcoming Truck, Trailer, Tractor & Buses". 14 December 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  64. ^ Elizabeth, Shilpa (20 October 2016). "Ashok Leyland unveils India's first indigenous electric bus". The Economic Times. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  65. ^ "Ashok Leyland shows four new products at Auto Expo". autocarpro.in. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  66. ^ Ashok Leyland showcases tech to upgrade vehicles to meet BS-IV fuel norms. The Hindu BusinessLine (21 April 2017). Retrieved on 25 December 2018.
  67. ^ "Rs 60 lakh iBus from Ashok Leyland". Hindustantimes.com. 9 January 2008. Archived from the original on 5 April 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  68. ^ "Ashok Leyland Awarded Aon's Best Employer in India for 2019 – Motorindia". Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  69. ^ "Interbrand unveils 2019 Best Indian Brands: Celebrates Brave Growth amidst Change". Interbrand. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  70. ^ "Ashok Leyland". ibef.org. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ashok Leyland.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ashok_Leyland&oldid=1254726301"